Elements of Negotiation and Bargaining Skills Coursework

Components of Negotiation and Bargaining Skills - Coursework Example Correspondence is critical to the accomplishment of most exercises. Correspondences people accumulate data about different individuals from the arrangement. Intrigue includes what the mediators need from the connection. The choice of an arrangement in an arrangement includes searching for the best option in contrast to placing without hesitation. Authenticity is fundamental in cooperation between who are anticipating a ware or an assistance (Carrell and Heavrin, 2008). The gatherings to an arrangement ought to be focused on the correspondence on the grounds that them two remain to pick up from the accomplishment of the exchange. The abilities required to direct a fruitful exchange are significant to most partnerships. Compelling mediators need to have the critical thinking abilities to decide the goal of the gatherings in an arrangement. Comparable to, top mediators need to have great relational abilities to comprehend the subtleties of the exchanges. Successful mediators have relational aptitudes that they use to keep up a decent working relationship with the gatherings to an exchange (Carrell and Heavrin, 2008). Coordinated effort and collaboration are an ability huge to mediators to join the partners of an agreement. Finally, dynamic is an essential ability since it assists mediators with acting definitively. Discerning decision hypothesis is the circumstance that people carry on the manner in which they do on the grounds that the choice to do the activities has a larger number of advantages than costs. It identifies with the exchange procedure as in singular utilize their sane brain to decide (Carrell and Heavrin,

Why Mandarin Chinese is easier than you think

Why Mandarin Chinese is simpler than you might suspect Mandarin Chinese is regularly depicted as a troublesome language, now and then one of the most troublesome ones. This isn't difficult to comprehend. There are a large number of characters and abnormal tones! It should doubtlessly be difficult to learn for a grown-up outsider! You can learn Mandarin ChineseThats babble obviously. Normally, if youre focusing on a significant level, it will require some serious energy, however I have met numerous students who have read for only a couple of months (though constantly), and have had the option to talk rather unreservedly in Mandarin after that time. Proceed with such an undertaking for a year and you will likely arrive at what a great many people would call familiar. So certainly not feasible. How troublesome a language is relies upon numerous things, however your demeanor is absolutely one of them and its additionally the most effortless one to impact. You have little possibility of changing the Chinese composing framework, however you can change your mentality towards it. In this article, Im going to show you certain parts of the Chinese language and clarify why they make learning significantly simpler than you may might suspect. How troublesome is it to learn Mandarin Chinese? Obviously, there are additionally things that make learning Chinese harder than you might suspect (or maybe as hard), now and then even very similar things from various points or on various capability levels. That, in any case, isn't the focal point of this article. This article centers around the simple things and is intended to empower you. For an increasingly cynical viewpoint, Ive composed a twin article with the title: Why Mandarin Chinese is harder than you might suspect. On the off chance that you as of now study Chinese and need to know why its not in every case simple, maybe that article will give a few bits of knowledge, however underneath, I will concentrate on the simple things. Troublesome or simple for whom? With what objective? Before we talk about explicit elements that make learning Mandarin simpler than you may might suspect, Im going to make a few presumptions. You are a local speaker of English or some other non-tonal language not identified with Chinese by any means (which would be most dialects in the west). You probably won't have taken in some other unknown dialect, or maybe youve considered one in school.â In the event that your local language is identified with Chinese or is affected by it, (for example, Japanese, which to a great extent utilizes similar characters), learning Chinese will turn out to be significantly simpler, however what I state underneath will be valid regardless. Originating from other tonal dialects makes it more obvious what tones are, yet its not generally simpler to learn them in Mandarin (various tones). I talk about the drawbacks of learning a language totally inconsequential to your local language in the other article. Furthermore, Im looking at focusing on an essential degree of conversational familiarity where you can discuss ordinary themes youre acquainted with and comprehend what individuals state about these things whenever focused at you. Moving toward cutting edge or even close local levels requires an unheard of level of responsibility and different variables assume a greater job. Counting the composed language additionally includes another measurement. Why Mandarin Chinese is simpler than you might suspect Right away, lets get into the rundown: No action word conjugations - Partly on account of terrible showing practice, numerous individuals partner second language learning with perpetual action word conjugations. At the point when you learn Spanish or French and care about being precise, you have to recall how the action word changes with the subject. We have this in English as well, however its a lot simpler. We doesnt state we has. In Chinese, there are no action word enunciations by any means. There are a few particles that change the capacity of action words, however there are surely no not insignificant arrangements of action word structures you have to remember. On the off chance that you realize how to state çÅ"‹ (kn) look, you can utilize it for any individual alluding to any timeframe and it will even now appear to be identical. Simple! No syntactic cases - In English, we have any kind of effect between how pronouns are dealt with in the event that they are the subject or the object of a sentence. We state he c onverses with her; him converses with she isn't right. In some different dialects, you have to monitor various articles and now and then likewise for pronouns, however for things too. None of that in Chinese! æˆ' (wç') I, me is utilized in any circumstance alluding to myself in any capacity. The main special case would be plural we, which has an additional postfix. Easy!â Adaptable grammatical features - When learning most dialects other than Chinese, you have to recall various types of the words relying upon what grammatical feature they have a place with. For instance, in English we state ice (thing), cold (descriptive word) and to ice (over)/freeze (action word). These appear to be unique. In Chinese, however, these could all be spoken to by one single action word å† ° (bä «ng), which fuses the significance of each of the three. You dont know which one it is except if you know the unique situation. This implies talking and composing turns out to be a lot simpler since you dont need to recall such huge numbers of various structures. Simple! No sex - When you learn French, you have to recall whether every thing is intended to be le or la; when learning German, you have der, bite the dust and das. Chinese has no (linguistic) sexual orientation. In communicated in Mandarin, you dont even need to have any kind of effect between he, she and it since they are completely articulated the same. Easy! Relatively simple word request -  Word request in Chinese can be precarious, yet this for the most part gets evident at further developed levels. As an apprentice, there are a couple of examples you have to learn, and once youve done that, you can simply fill in the words youve learnt and individuals will have the option to comprehend. Regardless of whether you blend things up, individuals will generally still comprehend, gave that the message you need to pass on is moderately basic. It enables that the fundamental to word request is equivalent to in English, for example Subject-Verb-Object (I love you). Simple! Consistent number framework - Some dialects have extremely odd methods of tallying. In French, 99 is said as 4 20 19, in Danish 70 is half fourth, yet 90 is half fifth. Chinese is extremely straightforward. 11 is 10 1, 250 is 2 100 5 10 and 9490 is 9 1000 400 9 10. Numbers do get somewhat harder over that in light of the fact that another word is utilized for each four zeroes, only one out of every odd three as in English, however its still not difficult to figure out how to tally. Easy!Logic character and word creation - When you learn words in European dialects, you can once in a while observe the word roots if youre great at Greek or Latin, yet on the off chance that you take an irregular sentence, (for example, this one), you cant truly hope to see how each word is built. In Chinese, you really can do that. This has some noteworthy focal points. Lets take a gander at a couple of instances of cutting edge jargon that are extremely simple to learn in Chinese however exceptionally h ard in English. Leukemia in Chinese is è ¡â‚¬Ã§â„¢Å" blood malignant growth. Affricate is Ã¥ ¡Å¾Ã¦ ¦Ã©Ã¿ ³ stop grating sound (this alludes to seems like ch in chapel, which has a stop (a t sound), at that point erosion (the sh sound)). On the off chance that you didnt recognize what these words implied in English, you likely do now subsequent to taking a gander at an exacting interpretation of the Chinese words! These are not exemptions in Chinese, this is the standard. Simple! These are only a portion of the more evident reasons that arriving at an essential level in Chinese isn't as troublesome as you might suspect. Another explanation is that Chinese is considerably more hackable than some other language Ive learnt. The troublesome parts are simpler to hack I don't get my meaning by this? Hacking for this situation implies seeing how the language functions and utilizing that information to make brilliant methods of learning (this is the thing that my site Hacking Chinese is about). This is particularly valid for the composing framework. On the off chance that you approach learning Chinese characters like you would learning words in French, the undertaking is overwhelming. Without a doubt, French words do have prefixes, additions, etc and if your Latin and Greek are satisfactory, you may have the option to utilize this information to further your potential benefit and have the option to see how present day words are made. For the normal student, notwithstanding, that is impractical. Its additionally the case that numerous words in French (or English or numerous other present day dialects) cannot be separated or comprehended without doing genuine investigation into historical underpinnings first. You can obviously separate them yourself in manners that sound good to you. In Chinese, in any case, you dont need to do that! The explanation is that one Chinese syllable compares to one Chinese character. That gives almost no space for change, implying that while words in English can slowly lose their spelling and transform throughout the hundreds of years, Chinese characters are significantly more perpetual. They do obviously change, however not so much. It likewise implies that the parts that make up the characters are as a rule despite everything introduce and can be comprehended all alone, along these lines making understanding much simpler. What this comes down to is that learning Chinese neednt be such hard. Truly, arriving at a propelled level takes a ton of time and exertion, however getting to essential conversational familiarity is close enough for each one of the individuals who truly need it. Will it take longer than arriving at a similar level in Spanish? Presumably, however not so much in the event that we just discussion about the communicated in language. End This article was intended to persuade you that you can learn Chinese. Obviously, an article like this likewise has its dull twin, why learning Chinese is in reality exceptionally hard, particularly in the event that you go past simply fundamental oral correspondence. On the off chance that youre a tenderfoot, you dont truly need such an article, however on the off chance that youve as of now progress significantly and need some compassion, ensure you read on:Why Mandarin Chinese is harder than you might suspect

Independent Variable in Psychology Experiments

Independent Variable in Psychology Experiments Student Resources Study Guides and Tips Print Independent Variable in Psychology Experiments By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on August 18, 2019 Adam Berry / Getty Images More in Student Resources Study Guides and Tips APA Style and Writing Careers The independent variable is the characteristic of a psychology experiment that is manipulated or changed. For example, in an experiment looking at the effects of studying on test scores, studying would be the independent variable. Researchers are trying to determine if changes to the independent variable (studying) result in significant changes to the dependent variable (the test results). Observations About the Independent Variable Why is the independent variable labeled the independent variable? Because it is independent of research participants actionsâ€"participants have no control over what condition or group they are assigned to. It is the experimenter who manipulates the independent variable, whereas participants have nothing to do with it (they are simply exposed to one version of the independent variable).?? Independent variables are selected because an experimenter believes they will cause changes in behavior. Increasing the intensity of a tone should increase the speed at which people respond to the tone. Increasing the number of pellets given to a rat for pressing a bar should increase the number of times the bar is pressed. When a change in the level (amount) of an independent variable causes a change in behavior, we say that the behavior is under the control of the independent variable.?? It is crucial that the experimental and control groups in a study be very similar, except for the different treatment that they receive in regard to the independent variable. This stipulation brings us to the logic that underlies the experimental method. If the two groups are alike in all respects except for the variation created by the manipulation of the independent variable, then any differences between the two groups on the dependent variable must be due to the manipulation of the independent variable. ?? Examples of Independent Variables A researcher wants to determine if the color of an office has any effect on worker productivity. In an experiment, one group performs a task in a yellow room while another performs the same task in a blue room. In this example, the color of the office is the independent variable.Researchers want to learn whether listening to fast-paced music helps runners perform better during a marathon. In an experiment, one group of runners listens to fast-paced music while another group listens to slow-paced music. In this example, the type of music the runners listen to is the independent variable.A business wants to determine if giving employees more control over how to do their work leads to increased job satisfaction. In an experiment, one group of workers is given a great deal of input in how they perform their work, while the other group is not. The amount of input the workers have over their work is the independent variable in this example.Educators are interested in whether participating in after-school math tutoring can increase scores on standardized math exams. In an experiment, one group of students attends an after-school tutoring session twice a week while another group of students does not receive this additional assistance. In this case, participation in after-school math tutoring is the independent variable.Researchers want to determine if a new type of treatment will lead to a reduction in anxiety for patients suffering from social phobia. In an experiment, some volunteers receive the new treatment, another group receives a different treatment, and a third group receives no treatment. The independent variable in this example is the type of therapy.

Gulf Border Disputes

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5277 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Chapter 3 Globalization in the GCC: a political and economic analysis Political Aspect The creation of the GCC was a direct result of regional political events of that time. The idea of the need for the union of the major independent states of the gulf had been floating around since the early 1970s. Three main reasons leading to the formation of the gulf cooperation council included: Border disputes between Arab states and the royal families. The Iranian revolution The invasion of Iran by the Soviet Union. The Gulf States apart from Saudi Arabia are small population states. First we look into border disputes. The creation of Bahrain and Kuwait was lead to the demarcation of boundaries which the families Arab ruling families did not like. The strained relations were held together only by their common links religion and language. The ruling families had close bonds with families of other states and therefore they did not like the idea of having to confine their selves to a border (Batrice Maalouf, 2006). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Gulf Border Disputes | Politics Dissertations" essay for you Create order Secondly, the Arab peninsula felt safe from Iran as long as the Shah of Iran was in control. This was because America (an Arab friend) was dictating the policies of Iran during the shahs rule. After the Iranian revolution, came the religious leaders. They had a different set of ideology and religious beliefs than the Arab states. Since Iran was a regional military strength, this further made the Gulf States insecure and further highlighted the need for a united front by the Arab peninsula (Batrice Maalouf, 2006). Lastly, the invasion of a Muslim Afghanistan by the atheist Soviet Union was viewed as a threat as Yemen was also a socialist country and capture of Afghanistan meant that the communists were gaining strength and this was another form of insecurity for the region as the Arab states had supported the USA in the cold war which made them rivals of the Soviet empire. The Soviet threat had to be faced collectively and therefore it was imperative that a union of the Arab states be created. The last straw was the Iran- Iraq war which started in 1980. It affected trade routes of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Also Iraq, which was a friendly Arab country, was being affected. And this threat needed to be faced collectively, therefore in 1981, the Gulf States, united themselves in the form of GCC (Batrice Maalouf, 2006). The charter known as the cooperation council charter was signed by all the member states, including Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, and Oman. The charter listed cultural, social and political and economic reasons along with commonality of religion, language and customs for this union. The articles in the charter defined the need to develop independence and self sustainability in political, economic and financial affairs (Batrice Maalouf, 2006). Since the creation of the council, the GCC has gradually tried to instill its authority in the region and work for change for the betterment of the states. The council states have developed at remarkable pace in the fields of media technology, developmental projects, financial institutions and security of the region (Batrice Maalouf, 2006). The first visible of the impact of the unified common GCC policy was visible globally during the Iraq invasion of Kuwait in 1990. The council made possible its liberation, through the help of the worlds help, The council called for a meeting of the organization of the Islamic conference (OIC) and this lead to GCC requesting for and then passing resolution in the united nations security council, UNSCR 660 (1990). The council since the 1990 has tried to help in conflicts resolution in many countries, including Somalia, Palestine Israel, Lebanon Israel etc. the GCC is also in the forefront in helping the countries in need of economic aid for rebuilding. The countries insisted on the rebuilding of Iraq through donations, On the country basis, the GCC have planned free trade agreements with China, Pakistan and India. They already have FTAs with Lebanon, Turkey and Syria in the region and Japan in the East Asian region. The GCC also has signed pacts and agreements with regional organizations like the European Union (EU). The EU and the GCC have signed declarations of cooperation with each other and are working toward a FTA (Batrice Maalouf, 2006). Non-governmental, international and regional organizations The economic and developmental transformation of the GCC countries along with other Arab countries of the region has been due to assistance from international institutions and donor agencies of the region. These agencies have been providing, financial, technical and organizational help to the states for formulating better strategies for stable development of the Arab states specifically and the gulf region in general. The United Arab Emirates has enough financial capital for funding the preparation of NES and NEAP. Even so, the gulf state has been seeking and receiving technical help from international and regional organizations in order to ensure that their developmental programs are stable and sustainable. To ensure stable growth and development in the gulf and Arab countries, availability of financial assistance is important, especially for countries not exporting oil (Khordagui H, 2004). International donor organizations working in the region include: Islamic Development Bank (IDB) Arab Fund for Economic and social Development (AFESD) Kuwaiti Fund for Development (KFD). (Khordagui H, (2004). Apart from development on the infrastructure level, certain organizations have been providing the gulf countries with help in a wide range of activities including capacity building, legislative drafting, policy analysis etc. Usually the assistance concerning the capacity building assistance measures is being undertaken by the regional organizations in order for there to be regional benefits of these national initiatives (Khordagui H, 2004). These institutions include: METAP: a cooperative initiative between the Commission, the European Investment Bank, UNDP (the Arab Bureau the Capacity 21 Unit), the WB has provided capacity building assistance to the Mediterranean region for nearly the past decade (Khordagui H, 2004). Med-Policies Initiative part of the METAP program, but funded by the WB in coordination with ESCWA is building national capacity regional awareness on economic environmental policy-making (Khordagui H, 2004). The Center for Environment and Development in the Arab Region and Europe (CEDARE) is an independent, nonprofit regional institution is working to increase the capacity of national institution to enhance environmental management and SD (Khordagui H, 2004). Social Development and Civic Society Saudi Arabia is the biggest member of the GCC. It has the largest population and the biggest oil reserves. Therefore one would expect that with all in the capital inflow, political reforms would follow and that would lead to maturation of the state toward a free society. In Saudi Arabia, monarchy rules the state. There is no parliamentary system and there were not political parties, trade unions or voluntary associations before 2003. There is a counsel of chambers of commerce and it acts as an umbrella between the government and the society as a whole (Democratic governance Arabia, 2008). The UAE is fast becoming the economic hub of the GCC. Therefore there needs to be civic reform and States institutional development needs to be the foremost priority of the state. There can be no assembly of public nature without prior governments approval. The first human rights organization was first formed in the country in 2006. Its founding members include people of diverse professions from far corners of the society. (Democratic governance Arabia, 2008) Political parties are still illegal in the kingdom. Any person or organization which tries of voice an opinion against which is against or different from that of the monarchy is quickly shut down. There are two opposition movements working from outside Saudi Arabia. These include the Committee for the Defense of Legitimate Rights (CDLR) and the Movement for Islamic Reform (MIRA), in Saudi Arabia. Activists who attempted to demonstrate in a peaceful manner against the monarchy were arrested and their activities deemed unislamic (Democratic governance Arabia, 2008). In order to conform to the rest of the world and also due to the internal needs and external pressures led the Saudi government to initiate the civil society creations in the kingdom in 2003. Unlike Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates are governed by both a traditional as well as a modern form of a government. The UAE is at an advanced level of institutionalizing their government departments. The political system of UAE can be thought of a flexible system conforming and adaptive to the democratic ways of governance. The UAE does not allow the existence of political parties per say, but the ruling elite and their positions in the government are determined even today by their positions in their respective tribes and dynasties. In order to keep their authority and position the rulers are required to ensure that they retain the peoples loyalty which has to be ensured by keeping with the principle that the people should have easy access to the rulers and they could voice their opinion or grievances in meetings. This tradition of holding assembly of citizens frequently is still active today and ensures that people are not neglected. Decisions made in these meetings sometimes even determine policy changes at the highest levels. On the other side, the modern institutions are capable of dealing with more complex and large scale problems and concerning the state. Therefore the dual mode of governance in the UAE has molded itself in the past decades to optimally suite the citizens of the state as well as the state itself (Democratic governance Arabia, 2008). The Saudi Journalists association was founded to look after the interests of the journalists of the country, it is mostly an independent organization and works without any governmental interference. A media regulatory authority has been in place since 1982 in Saudi Arabia. Even though the print and the television media is well developed and well circulated in the kingdom, it is mostly government regulated. The ministry of information has the authority to appoint the editor in chief of all the circulating newspapers and can remove anyone they feel does not conform to their standards. Moreover, the government owned Saudi Press Agency and the ministry of information control the print and the Broadcast media. An independent organization to look after the human rights abuses paved its way into formation in 2004 in the kingdom. It is called The National society for Human rights and it has the job of keeping track of abuses related to employment, judiciary, domestic violence, prisons etc. There has been a history of complaints in the gulf about the human rights abuses related to non payment of wages to the workers and maid, mal treatment sexual harassment. Since 2005, the ministry of labor of Saudi Arabia announced that it was ready to receive complaints of the above mentioned nature from anyone and would be ready to prosecute anyone found guilty of the offense (Democratic governance Arabia, 2008). Unlike Saudi Arabia, UAE does not posses any human rights groups and independent trade unions are still banned in the state, its chamber of commerce and UAE Womens Federation are umbrella organizations with the responsibility to keep checks and balances of all sorts. The latter is assigned to prepare the women population, which makes constitutes a larger chuck of the population, to face the challenges of the 21st century and to train them to become active participants in the society (Democratic governance Arabia, 2008). The gulf countries are enjoying economic boom from the high oil prices and they are taking advantage of this by using this capital for development of their respective states and region in general. Local and international corporate businesses have established themselves well into the societies. With this comes corporate social responsibility. This means that businesses have the responsibility to encourage and participate in any way they can, in the social development of the region. The term corporate social responsibility (CSR) can be explained as the commitment by the corporate sector to behave in an ethical manner and participate in the economic development along with providing a better quality of life for the workforce, their families and the society at large (Democratic governance Arabia, 2008). In the GCC, although there are initiatives of corporate contribution to the society as a whole, there is still a greater need of formalizing it to ensure that the pace of development in the education, health, and housing and environment sectors is improved on sustainable grounds. A major factor in CSR activities is the governments strategy. There are governments within the GCC region that feel that social sectors such as education, health, housing and environment are the sole responsibility of the governments or rulers, resulting in little effort by the corporate sector in these areas. A very relevant example of this is the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the largest country within the GCC, where there are hardly any well-managed CSR initiatives (Giving Back: Corporate Social Responsibility in the GCC, 2007). Political Reforms The political systems of the gulf countries are in their infancies. Neil Patrick a senior analyst noted in a seminar about political reform in 2006, that there was a need to identity and treat all the GCC countries individually and recognize that the political structures and in different stages of maturation in each of these countries. For example, political reforms were first initiated by Kuwait, and currently, the have a well established working parliament. In contrast, the UAE has only recently started raising the idea of electoral participation. Other countries including Oman, Qatar and Bahrain etc all have political councils, whose members are usually sheikhs or members of the royal families. These councils are mostly advisory councils with limited mandates (Political Reform in GCC countries, 2006). Historically the infrastructure and organization required for the development and reform have been absent from the GCC states and royal families have been the only rulers in most of these states. According to Neil Patrick, the monarchies and the Sheikdoms operate in away in which taxing the citizens have become very difficult. They continue to use the earnings from the oil profits to satisfy the civilian population and run the state and this ensures at least in the short term that their rule will not be challenged. As the society within these countries has become more and more educated, and as the states have gradually opened up to the democratic world, the world, the need for change or reform has been seriously felt. Over the past couple of decades, the younger generations, unlike those of the past have become more educated, more aware of their rights as members of the society. This passive but steady demand for reform and more freedom has applying internal pressure on the ruling elite for change. On the other hand, opening up of the country for investment and development has lead to the democratic forces in the form of USA and the EU to exert multifaceted pressure on the Gulf States for democratization and liberalization. Moreover, globalization, and particularly economic globalization, intensifies pressures on rulers to be more transparent and accountable in the administration of state resources (Political Reform in GCC countries, 2006). It has been noted that over the past two decades, continued economic growth, wealth distribution and emergence of a middle classes with a strong voice has been the cause for gradual change towards liberalization and reform. Economic change effectively creates alternative bases of power and constituencies that will contest the political status quo and claim a voice in the decision making process. It is therefore important to assess whether the distribution of rent in the Gulf States has led to an accumulation of wealth in a middle class with an interest in reform and enough power to begin making political demands (Political Reform in GCC countries, 2006). Access to information International community has promoted information and communication technologies in the recent past as a means of providing a source of liberalization in the gulf countries. It has been thought that by integrating ICT in their developmental projects for these countries, the monopoly of the state on media and information control. The results although have been a success to some extent, but have failed to influence the society as the west once hoped. Case in point the spread of news channels like Al jazeera from Qatar. The coming on air of this and other channels has had an impact of providing the society with free uncensored and uninhibited view of the Arab views and feelings. The aim of the west was to ensure that the liberalization and opening up of the gulf would lead to the Gulf States, conforming to their wests likings. This opening of the media has lead to voice to the civic society but their views of the west have not softened as the west had hoped. The governments still have control over other aspects of the information. This is clearly seen in the case of provision of the internet. Even though the states provide internet access, this is limited and poorly distributed. On the pretext of conserving cultural and religious values, the states like the Saudi Arabia have been exerting media filtration and censorship by using filtering software and denying access of any information which might influence their societys view of them. The economic aspect Trade and investment liberalization Human development It has been long claimed that the gulf country rely heavily on their revenues from oil production to support them. Globalization is fast becoming the new reality in the GCC countries. This is has led to the gulf countries to tread on uncharted territory. The trend towards globalization and the threads attached to it can have an effect on the very lives of the citizens these countries cater for. Globalization can bring the promise of open markets and opportunities to have access to all the tools a country needs for development. On the other hand, globalization can also lead a country towards marginalization. The relation between human development and globalization can be visualized in the following manner: the effects of globalization on a developing economy, such as the Arab Gulf countries, could be backwash effects or spread effects. The backwash effects means that globalization could contribute to and the source of human deprivation through processes of marginalization (of the country) and social exclusion (of individuals and groups based on social, ethnic, occupation/ skill, age or gender grounds) (Jiyad, A. M, 1998). On the flip side, globalization can also lead to multitude of benefits. Globalization, through investment and production, can lead to jobs creation and greater choices for the public in terms of consumption and all of this can further enhance the human development. Globalization leads to foreign direct investment FDI, which in turn leads to capital inflow in the country and this can be used for developmental projects in a developing country. The steps towards globalization include: Liberalization of the local economy. Liberalization of state property ownership (privatization). Regionalization and multilateralism. Step 2 or privatization in the Arab countries has been a result of old as well as new policies. The privatization policy became a national policy in Oman in 1996. Information and communication revolution The policies include provision related to what to privatize first (productive service sector), partial privatizations, transparency, competition, FDI, protection of the environment, public relation, and privatization proceeds. The guidelines include provisions related to bids selection, public offering, taxes, loans, employees and management(Zineldin, M, 1998). The Saudi Arabia had been considering privatization and policy since early 90s. The 1990-1995 development plan envisioned a privatization process, a stock exchange for trading, privately owned construction and development companies, privatization some banks etc. In 1997 the ministry of commerce decided to expand the role played by the private industry in the kingdoms economy by privatizing and selling government held assets worth more than $7 billion. The main aim for privatization and liberalization was to encourage private investment in the countrys economy, to provide lucrative opportunities for local as well as foreign companies to invest in domestic ventures. They also aimed to provide jobs to the ever increasing number youths in the country and to bring the unemployment rates down. They wanted to broaden and diversify the economic base and increase its markets competitiveness level to meet the standards set by the WTO for its membership (Jiyad, A. M, 1998). Abu Dhabi and the UAE have highlighted the need to privatize approximately 40 or so industries. After a study conducted by the World Bank, it recommended that Kuwait privatize at least 7 small enterprises, whose total vale was more than $3.6 billion. By 1995, Bahrain had also privatized at least partially, its, aluminum industry, small enterprises from the food manufacturing industry. Industrial investment by the private sector in this small state was more than $4.4 Billion by the end of 1996. (Jiyad, A. M, 1998). The campaign to private in order to make the institutions more efficient and productive has led to inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) in these countries. Oman, Dubai (UAE) and Bahrain etc have allowed their private investors to gain complete ownership of their investment and industry. (Jiyad, A. M, 1998). The past 3 decades have led to an unprecedented growth in the GCC countries. The cost oil per barrel has risen from $12 to $100 and beyond. The financial profits that have been gained from this boom as been used to modernize infrastructure, improve social indicators, develop infrastructures as well as maintain foreign currency reserves while keeping external debt at a low level. Life expectancy in the GCC area increased by almost 10 years to 74 years during 19802000, and literacy rates increased by 20 percentage points to about 80 percent over the same period. Average per capita income in the GCC countries was estimated at about $12,000 in 2002, with their combined nominal GDP reaching close to $340 billion (more than half the GDP of all Middle Eastern countries. (Fasano U and Iqbal Z, 2003). Globalization and Human development Globalization, through the process of privatization leading to increase in resource allotment and can lead to increased focus towards human development. Improvement and competition leads to increase in the standards in the health and education sector. Privatization in the education sector can lead to improvement it its standards and it can structurally transform itself to cater to the needs of the market. In other words private involvement in education and health sectors could bring with it more investment, more competition, better service, and wider choices. Successful liberalization and privatization programs could also accelerate growth, boost domestic investment and attract foreign capital generate employment and increase (per capita) income (Jiyad, A. M 1998). The performances of the GCC countries towards human development have been weak in the past few decades. Great progression was seen in the early 70s and 80s but investment towards human development seems to have become stagnant in the 90s. Case in point is Saudi Arabia which compared to the public spending of $81.4 billion in 1985, only spent $82.7 billion in 1995. This and other indicators like these demonstrate that investment in the future development of the people had been ignored in the decade of the 90s. (Jiyad, A. M 1998). Another problem which still needs tending to is the increase in the population in most of the GC countries. The high growth rate along with increase of women in the work force due to opening up of the society in the GCC countries has produced another problem of unemployment. The GCC wok force is growing at a rate of 4% per year and if this keeps up, the unemployment rates will soon follow suite and create another burden on the society. The GCC countries have been trying to initiate and grow in the non oil industry sector to create jobs for its people and to be able to sustain their growth rates. Government services in many GCC countries are provided free or at highly subsidized prices, particularly water and electricity, while non-oil taxation is low, consisting mainly of income tax on foreign corporations except in Oman, where local corporations are also taxed. Some of these countries have recorded overall fiscal deficits over the years, reflecting volatile global oil prices and relatively high levels of current expenditure (Fasano U and Iqbal Z, 2003). This can be seen by the indicators in the following charts below. All GCC countries share sound and well-supervised banking systems. Banks are well-capitalized and profitable. Their supervisory framework has been strengthened and is largely compliant with international standards and codes. Moreover, GCC countries have gradually taken a number of steps toward implementing a market-based monetary policy, though direct instruments (such as interest rate and credit ceilings) continue to play a role in a few of these countries. (Fasano U and Iqbal Z, 2003). Deepening of the regional economic integration Even with their high visions and plans of development to create sustainable non oil based economic power houses, the GCC countries have fell short of their aims for the past decades. These goals can still be achieved. The key for realizing such gains is in the collective integration and regional advancement. These collaborations have to be inline with the WTO policies and regulations. Since the GCC countries already enjoy free trade agreements with each other, the next step would be in the form of creating custom union. This can be beneficial for the GCC countries involved in the union as well as during multilateral trade deals. Giving the world a single regional front can only be beneficial as this means that there will be unified tariffs across the countries. The negotiations with the WTO any aspects would be held through a collective front rather than of the members negotiating individually. (Yousif Khalifa Al-Yousif ) Other benefits that can be achieved by the GCC countries integrating themselves further include providing a unified local market to the world to deal with. This means that the smaller countries like Bahrain can gain access the behalf of large ones like Saudi Arabia into the western markets. Deepening ties will further lead to reduction in internal conflicts and maters of miniscule value. Since integration into a regional bloc like the GCC has already led to and will further lead to open access to each others markets therefore inter GCC trade will only allow the local industries to grow further and provide employment to local work force along with allow growth in the human development sector. Millennium goals indirectly leading to economic and developmental Stability The GCC countries are a bloc of wealthy countries on their way to regional integration and providing a unified and developed front to the goal. Therefore it is suitable for them to cater to and provide assistance to the less developed Arab countries in the region. The countries have set out goals for the future and are working towards them at a steady pace. Eradication of poverty: the spread of wealth even with the population of the GCC is unevenly distributed. The gulf countries are working hard to implement policies which would lead to ensuring that all the people are provided with food and shelter. This can be done by providing jobs. Broadening the industrial base is the priority. This will lead to creation of jobs for the people. In this way wealth can be spread and distributed evenly. Energy Accessibility and Efficiency Despite the vast energy resources of the region, in 2003 only 78.6% of the Arab population had access to electricity, ranging from almost 100% in the GCC countries to under 8% in Low Developed Countries (LDC). The regions overall energy efficiency (kilogram (kg) oil equivalent per $1,000 GDP (PPP)) has improved unevenly in the past decade. In 2002, the GCC countries reported the highest energy use (504 kg oil equivalent per $1,000 PPP), followed by those of the eastern (262 kg oil equivalent per $1,000 PPP) and the western (some 137 kg oil equivalent per $1,000 PPP). Data available data on energy use in the Arab LDCs are inadequate. Regional Progress towards the Millennium Development Goals in the Arab Region (2006). Education: the literacy rate of the local population in some of the major GCC countries is quite low. Steps are being taken to ensure to ensure that that the new generation is provided with education to be able to work as a contributor for the development of the society and the country as a whole. Gender equality: it has been long an issue, that the Arab countries in general have a poor record for gender equality and women empowerment. The GCC countries have moved leaps and bounds from where they were a couple decades ago. Currently female integration is in every corner of the work place. Few of the major multinational companies are owned and run by business women in the gulf. Still female literacy rates are low and the gulf governments aims for the near future are ensure that they become equal participants in the work force as they comprise around 50% of the total population. References and Bibliography Batrice Maalouf, (2006). The GCC: A Union to Be Reckoned With. Congress of the Czech Political Science Society in Olomouc [internet], Available from: https://www.cspv.cz/dokumenty/kongres2006/SP%202/Beatrice%20Maalouf.pdf [Accessed 4 April 2008]. Democratic governance Arabia (2008), United Nations Development Program. [Internet], Available from: https://www.pogar.org/countries/civil.asp?cid=16 [Accessed 4 April 2008]. Fasano U and Iqbal Z, (2003).GCC Countries: From Oil Dependence to Diversification. International Monetary Fund. [Internet], Available from: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/med/2003/eng/fasano/index.htm#fig1 [Accessed 4 April 2008]. Figure 1, Fasano U and Iqbal Z, (2003).GCC Countries: From Oil Dependence to Diversification. International Monetary Fund. [Internet], Available from: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/med/2003/eng/fasano/index.htm#fig1 [Accessed 4 April 2008]. Figure 2 Fasano U and Iqbal Z, (2003).GCC Countries: From Oil Dependence to Diversification. International Monetary Fund. [Internet], Available from: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/med/2003/eng/fasano/index.htm#fig1 [Accessed 4 April 2008]. GIC Produces Comparative Data on GCC Economies Showing Solid Upturn in 1999 GDP. (2001), Gulf Investment Corporation, [internet], GCC Economic Statistics. Available from: https://www.mees.com/postedarticles/finance/gcc/a44n20b03.htm [Accessed 4 April 2008]. Giving Back: Corporate Social Responsibility in the GCC (2007). zawya.com [internet], Available from: www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20070509115334 [Accessed 4 April 2008]. Jiyad, A. M (1998). Human development paradigm under globalization environment, The Arab Gulf. The fourth Nordic conference on Middle Eastern Studies: The Middle East in globalizing world [Internet], Available from https://www.smi.uib.no/pao/jiyad.html [Accessed 4 April 2008]. Khordagui H, (2004), the role of international, Regional and Sub regional institutions in supporting Sustainable development in the Arab region. Regional Workshop on National Sustainable Development Strategies and Indicators for Sustainable Development in the Arab Region [internet], Available from: https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/nsds/ESCWA_c.pdf [Accessed 4 April 2008]. Political Reform in GCC countries, (2006). Seminar report [internet], Available from: https://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/767.pdf [Accessed 4 April 2008]. Regional Progress towards the Millennium Development Goals in the Arab Region (2006). Middle East Economic Survey. [Internet], Available from: https://www.mees.com/postedarticles/oped/v49n04-5OD01.htm [Accessed 4 April 2008]. Yousif Khalifa Al-Yousif. Oil Economies And Globalization. The Case of the GCC Countries. [Internet], Available from: https://www.luc.edu/orgs/meea/volume6/al-yousif.pdf [Accessed 4 April 2008]. Zineldin, M, (1998). Globalization and economic integration among Arab countries. The fourth Nordic conference on Middle Eastern Studies: The Middle East in globalizing world. [Internet], Available from: https://www.smi.uib.no/pao/zineldin.html [Accessed 4 April 2008].

Effect of Marijuana - 3829 Words

Mariano Marcos State University College of Engineering Batac, Ilocos Norte â€Å"In Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements in English 2† Title â€Å"The Process and Development of Communication Systems† Presented to: Professor Constante S. Salasac Presented by: Shaun Matthew A. Vicencio BSECE 1-A March 2012 TITLE: â€Å"The Process and development of communication systems† THESIS STATEMENT: â€Å"Intake of marijuana, whether excessive or not, has different effects to the health of individuals that eventually affects the community as a whole† I. INTRODUCTION a. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY i. Definition ii. History 1. Laws of bills II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION b. Interpretation of†¦show more content†¦Prior to 1910, the growth and trade of marijuana (and hashish—a resinous substance produced by the flowering parts of the plant) was fairly limited. However, following the conclusion of the Mexican Revolution, trafficking of the drug opened up, making growth and transport of the drug easier and more profitable. The business expanded to reach the ports of New Orleans where it was sold on the black market, alongside other strains of the plant, to sailors passing through, as well as local residents. It wasnt long before the trend of marijuana use began to overshadow the historic applications of cannabis as a medicine. The drug soon became popu lar (especially its stronger derivatives—hashish, charas, ghanja, and bhang) among musicians who maintained that smoking marijuana gave them the inspiration they needed to play their music. These musicians glamorized the use of marijuana. Some claimed it gave them contemplative vision and a feeling of overwhelming freedom and verve; others not only used the drug themselves, but sold it to a variety of customers. As the entertainers went on the road, so did their drugs. Eventually, use of marijuana, alcohol, and other mind-altering drugs spread and soon became prevalent in major cities worldwide, such as Chicago, New York, London, and Paris. Many of the musicians and entertainers of the Jazz Age who used drugs and alcohol relied heavily on gangland kings for their gigs (jobs). Frequently, these gangsters were able toShow MoreRelatedMarijuana And Its Effects On Marijuana1216 Words   |  5 PagesBiology 101 Marijuana and Its Effects Marijuana is a type of medication produced by using the dried blossoms and leaves of the hemp plant. There is a large debate in the United States of America on whether marijuana should be legalized; Marijuana is the most used illegal drug in the USA (Klein, 2005). Marijuana is useful as it has been utilized and made legitimate in part of a few states despite the fact that there are numerous critics of these recent activities. 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Personality Type Assessment Free Essays

Personality Type Assessment (Week-2 Individual Assignment) CMGT/530 – IT Organizational Behavior July 1, 2012 Personality Type Assessment The first section of this paper details the elements that a personality type assessment typically measures. The second section contains discussion on the personality type assessment of the author of this paper. In the third and last section, the author shares how his personal assessment outcomes could affect his work relationships with his colleagues. We will write a custom essay sample on Personality Type Assessment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Elements of Personality Type Assessment A personality profile assessment is typically an objective test where an individual gives yes or no responses to a series of systematic and deeply constructed behavioral and situational questions. These objective questions at a fundamental level assesses the individual’s cognitive mental process and orientations and based on the responses classifies the individual into one of the several personality types. Each of these personality types is associated with different sets of possible behaviors and tendencies that the individuals are most likely to exhibit. This classification of personality types is by a personality inventory framework called the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), created by Isabel Briggs Myers after extensive testing and research on the theory of psychological types introduced in the 1920s by Carl G. Jung. At the basic level, the MBTI differentiates people’s cognitive functions in four ways, as defined by four mutually exclusive pairs of the dominant or likely mental preferences, and the combinations of these four pairs lead to a set of 16 personality types (MBTItoday. rg, n. d. ). The first pair of preferences, extroversion (E) and introversion (I), is for mental energy orientation. The extroverted individuals are expressive, assertive, outgoing, sociable, and draw their mental energy from the interactions with the outside world. The introverted individuals are reflective, reserved, quiet, and draw their mental energy from the dwelling in the inner world of thoughts and ideas (Center for Applications of Psych ological Type, 2012). The second pair of preferences, sensing(S) and intuition (N), is for irrational mental cognitive process related to perception and receipt of information. The individuals with dominant sensing perception live in the present moment and are practical. They prefer simplicity, clarity, routine, and order in their daily lives. The individuals with dominant intuition perception are inspired by creativity and innovation, and imagine the possibilities for future. They are drawn to the big picture and abstract theoretical concepts (Center for Applications of Psychological Type, 2012). The third pair of preferences, thinking (T) and feeling (F), is for rational mental cognitive processes of forming judgments and making decisions. The individuals who primarily rely on their thinking for forming judgments are objective, analytical, and logical. They use logic, reason, and cause-effect analysis to handle any problems and tasks they face for achieving results. The individuals who primarily rely on their feelings for forming judgments rely on their personal emotions and value system. They are concerned about impact of their actions and decisions on other people (Center for Applications of Psychological Type, 2012). The fourth pair of preferences, judging (J) and perceiving (P), is for mental orientation while dealing with outside world. The individuals who prefer judging rely on the rational cognitive functions of thinking or feeling. They prefer the world around them to be structured, organized, and orderly. The individuals who prefer perceiving rely on the irrational cognitive functions of sensing and intuition. They typically are open, spontaneous, and flexible; and look forward to experiencing the world in its natural state (Center for Applications of Psychological Type, 2012). Personality Type Self-Assessment The writer used Jung typology test to complete the self assessment of his personal style and the results indicated that the writer belongs to personality type ISFP; that means the writer prefers introversion over extroversion, sensing over intuition, feeling over thinking, and perceiving over judging (HumanMetrics, 2012). The writer found himself taking the assessment test few more times to confirm the derived results. According to personality inventory of MBTI and the Myers and Briggs Foundation (n. d. ), the individuals with personality type of ISFP have tendency to seek a peaceful, easygoing life with a â€Å"live and let live† philosophy. They tend to enjoy life as it comes and define their own pace. They tend to be quiet, caring, considerate, and have a pleasant demeanor. They tend to be very devoted to their family and friends, and have a strong set of values that they cherish. They tend to dislike conflicts, disagreements, and imposing of their opinions on others (Myers and Briggs Foundation, n. d. a). After looking at the results, the writer understood some of his own tendencies and consoled himself that he did not have to good at everything. He opined that the knowledge of these personality types can help in developing a deeper understanding of people around him. Also while taking the assessment, for some of the questions the writer was forced to choose yes or no when he believed the answer was neither, and there were no in-between options to choose from. So the writer agrees with Robbins Judge (2011) that the problem with these assessment tests is that they force a person into one type or another. According to Mccaulley (1990) every person uses all eight processes (E, I, S, N, T, F, J, and P) but intrinsically prefers one of each opposite pair. In the normal course of life, people develop preferences by doing what comes most naturally. As they grow older and wiser, they develop as well as use more of the lesser preferred processes (Mccaulley, 1990). Reflecting back on his life, the writer agrees the personality type ISFP correctly indicates his default tendencies. Moreover, the writer also believes that over the years he has developed more shades to his personality and has become more balanced. Effect of Personal Assessment The assessment provided an opportunity for the writer to do some self-introspection and become more aware of self. Also the knowledge and understanding of 16 distinctive personality types helped the writer to appreciate others possessing different personality types. When employees can understand their type preferences, they can approach their work in a manner that best suits their style, including managing their time, problem solving, best approaches to decision making, and dealing with stress (Myers and Briggs Foundation, n. d. b) . The writer could analyze better the good and not-so-good relations he has experienced with his prior bosses and colleagues. The personality type assessment also helped the writer to reexamine his behavior with prior colleagues and identify the scope for improving relationships with his colleagues at the workplace. As a software development manager in a leading health care organization, the writer will make use of the new understanding of his own personality to improve upon his managerial functions and his handling of the different situations. These functions includes managing others, developing leadership skills, organizing tasks, creating teams, training for management as well as staff, conflict resolution, motivation, coaching, diversity, recognition as well as rewards, and change management (Myers and Briggs Foundation, n. d. b) . References Center for Applications of Psychological Type. 2012). Mbti overview. Retrieved from http://www. capt. org/mbti-assessment/mbti-overview. htm HumanMetrics. (2012). Jung typology test. Retrieved from http://www. humanmetrics. com/cgi-win/jtypes1. htm MBTItoday. org. (n. d. ). History of the myers briggs type indicator. Retrieved from http://mbtitoday. org/about-the-mbti-indicator/a-mini-history-of-the-myers-briggs-type-indicator/ Mccaulley, M. H. (1990). The myers-briggs type indicator: a measure for individuals.. Measurement Evaluation In Counseling Development (American Counseling Association), 22(4), 181. Retrieved from https://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=truedb=f5hAN=9705111082site=eds-live Myers and Briggs Foundation. (n. d a). The 16 mbti types. Retrieved from http://www. myersbriggs. org/my-mbti-personality-type/mbti-basics/the-16-mbti-types. asp#ISFP Myers and Briggs Foundation. (n. d. b). Mbti type at work. Retrieved from http://www. myersbriggs. org/type-use-for-everyday-life/mbti-type-at-work/ Robbins, S. P. , Judge, T. A. (2011). Organization behavior (14th ed. ). New York, NY: Prentice Hall. How to cite Personality Type Assessment, Essay examples

Contemporary Issues in Management for McDonalds-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theContemporary Issues in Management for McDonalds. Answer: Introduction Today, every company makes several efforts to interact with maximum population all over the world. The companies are going through different innovative practices that have altered the living styles of people. The firms require making changes in the systems and processes with the consideration of changes in environment and preferences and demands of consumers. Changes in environment and customer preferences are the major threats for a firm to achieve growth in present and success in future. The given case study states that McDonalds is facing some problems, as there is change in customer demands and environment. For managing the above-mentioned issues, company is attempting to adopt various approaches and making changes in its systems and policies. There are some risks and opportunities for McDonalds, which are included in the below report. These risks and opportunities are associated with the innovative practices and process of change at organization. Furthermore, it includes many driving forces for the making changes at McDonalds. Under change implementation process, there may be two situations, i.e. change acceptance or resistance by the employees. The report suggests some specific skills and abilities, which should be employed by change agents and managers to maintain the innovative business environment. In addition, it includes some approaches and principles of CSR protocols and project management that can be processed by the case study organization to improve its processes and systems. Organizational Description McDonalds is an American restaurant chain, which offers hamburgers and other fast food products. Founded in 1940 by Maurice and Richard McDonalds, the company is now known as one of the biggest fast food outlets in the world. Currently, McDonalds is the largest food chain that is catering more than 70 million people regularly in over 100 countries. The major food products of the organization are, such as; burgers, soft drinks, milkshakes, French fries, chicken etc. As of 2016, it owns around 36900 outlets, where it has employed more than 1.5 million employees, who are working for the franchises of McDonalds. At the end of 2016, the revenues of company are US$24.622 billion, which are generated from royalties, rent, fees paid by franchises and sales, which are produced by its fast food outlets (McDonalds, 2010). Under its promotion process, the organization is going through various advertising and promotional activities, which assist it in attracting maximum customers towards its food products, for example McDonalds is providing some specific food products and combo-pack offers. Major risks and Opportunities This is true that changes in the environment can be either a challenge or opportunity for the company and its employees. The organization should be continuously aware about not only the internal factors but also external factors, which are impacting its business operations and growth. If an organization implements changes in its systems, then there will always be some associated risks and opportunities. The firm may confront some conflicts in the ways of changes before and after implementation process. It can adopt the changes and innovative practices for carrying growth in its revenues and profits (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). These conflicts can cause issues to the organization, so it needs to make efforts to resolve these issues to overcome the barriers in adopting new organizational structure and management process. The given case study states that the Board of Directors at McDonalds is making changes and adopting some innovative practices to handle the changes in the environment and demands and preferences of customers. The case includes that preferences and taste of the people are altering for fast food because they are becoming more health conscious and prefer to eat quality and healthy food (Barclay Osei-Bryson, 2015). Due to this, the customers are switching to the competitors, who are able to serve their demands and these players are covering a significant market share over McDonalds. To deal with these changes, the company is planning to make changes and executing innovations in organizational processes. These new practices may cause both risks and opportunities for McDonalds, which are given below; Risks As per the given case study, McDonalds is making changes in its existing processes and operations (Bartunek, 2014). Before change implementation, it needs to take the opinions and consent of its external and internal stakeholders, like; shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers etc. If it will not involve them in the process, it can cause risks and challenges for McDonalds. The organization will face the risks associated to change resistance from stakeholders as they will not accept the changes easily. When McDonalds will implement the changes, there will be two kinds of employees, i.e. employees will accept the changes and others will not accept and agree with the executed changes. This type of employees would not accept new innovation and changes in organizational and management structure. This situation may worsen the change implementation process in the company (Bhasin, 2016). In addition, there may be a situation that staff will not understand the reason behind changes and t hey may not trust the senior management that is actively engaged in change implementation process. Moreover, there may be a risk in getting an appropriate staff for bringing change in the processes and systems that will be responsible for making required changes in allied divisions. Along with this, the company may confront the risk related to strategic implementation of change that can be daunting for entire team of McDonalds Management. Operational interference is one of the major challenges, under which its existing business operations and activities will be influenced by the change adoption. Apart from these risks, another risk is that the new systems and processes will not work in the benefits of the organization and take it to the worst situation than prior (Beketi, Epstein Yuthas, 2008). Opportunities Along with these risks and opportunities, this organization may have several opportunities by implementation of innovative practices and changes in its business operations. For this process, the company needs to develop an advertising and marketing plan, which will assist the organization in establishing its brand image and reputation among people and their society. It will help McDonalds in launching this new segment of healthy and quality food items that is primary reason behind its innovative practices (Benn, Dunphy Griffiths, 2014). It will have the opportunity to diversify its products in dietary and healthy food division. Under this new section, it will produce the products by adopting a process, which will focus on the people, who are dealing with different health issues, such as; obesity, stomach problems in youth and make them aware about healthy intakes. Implementation of change process will enable McDonalds to advertise its fast food and new healthy products, which are cooked with low fat and healthier ingredients for entire population. This can assist the firm in establishing string brand image among its customers and making them aware about its healthier food products than currently offering fast food. In addition, it will include introduction of healthy drinks and fruit shakes with breakfast (Cummings Worley, 2014). These products will be sold at all the stores of McDonalds. Furthermore, these innovations and changes will offer a major opportunity to the organization to get a maximum customer base and considerable market share in the fast food industry. By these changes, McDonalds will be able to introduce new franchises of food worldwide (Dunlap Brulle, 2015). Business Model and Managerial Techniques Adopting new business model and managerial techniques will assist McDonalds in managing above-written opportunities and challenges. This new business model o organization will include various innovative processes and practices. Under this process, the company can implement the innovation by processing two types of factors, one is innovation on the basis of technology and another is innovation on the basis of demand (Godsmark, Garvey Dismore, 2011). The major innovations at McDonalds will be executed by understanding the demand based method than technology based method. To drive the changes at organization, the company needs to go under a research and development process, which will be implemented by the organization and make emphasis on managing the research and development procedure. Managerial techniques are the techniques, which are used to motivate the employees and establish productive workplace. At McDonalds, these managerial techniques will assist the company in implementing innovative practices and creating balance between opportunities and risks, related to change process. In addition to RD, it can combine the knowledge and work, which will assist in introducing new products and services and execute new systems in an effective manner (Jaulus, 2017). To overcome the employee change resistance, the top management will make the employees engaged in change process and establish a training program. This training program will enable the employees and staff to comprehend these innovative practices and new progressions in organizational environment. In this way, these managerial techniques and model will help the entity in the management of related risks. Driving forces for change and employee response When an organization plans to implement the change in its processes and systems, there will always be some forces, which drive these changes. These driving forces are the major factors behind change implementation process at McDonalds. Increasing social and cultural issues and altering attitudes and lifestyles are most powerful forces, which are driving changes at this organization (Jones George, 2015). The major issue is that the customers are becoming more conscious towards their health; it is working as a major force to the need for change. There are some issues because of changes in the external environment and are faced by McDonalds. It is one of the well-established fast food restaurants and it is usually regarded as unhealthy food and increasing fat and obesity. In addition to these forces, competition is one of the major factors that direct the firm to implement new and innovative practices in the organization (Kerzner, 2013). McDonalds has various competitors, who have already introduced the healthier food and product category of low fat and healthy food. These competitors are meeting with the demands and needs of their potential customers. Thus, the demographic and market trends are the major reasons, which are forcing the organization to implement the change at McDonalds. In change implementation process, this company may face different kinds of responses from its employees (Kotler, et al, 2016). At McDonalds, it is very important to consider the responses from employees. The management team at McDonalds will experience that some of its employees will accept the changes and they will support the management in the implementation of this healthy food segment. Apart from these positive responses, McDonalds may face some adverse responses from its people because the change execution process can be resisted by them. These people will fight against these changes as they have insecurity and fear that their company is going in wrong direction and against them. At McDonalds, it may be possible that organizational culture and structure will not aid the innovation. In addition, it may have the employees, who will not react towards the change and they will stay neutral (Leach, 2014). Skills for Change Agents/Managers In change implementation process, change agents play an important role, as they transform the business processes by enhancing its current practices. The change agents should possess some skills and abilities to maintain competitive environment. McDonalds is executing changes in its operations, so that it should appoint the change agents, who have some specific and required skills (Mariana, Daniela Nadina, 2013). There are some specific skills and abilities, which should be possessed by change agents at McDonalds, like; skills to develop interpersonal communication, team skills and effective communication skills. These change managers must be able to establish an effective communication among the team, which is created for change implementation process. These people should be able to manage the state of resistance to change. Moreover, change agents should have skills to work under pressure and operate the change process with instability and uncertainty. Employee engagement plays a significant role in change implementation process, so these change managers should employ the abilities to make the employees engaged (McKay, Kuntz Nswall, 2013). It will enhance their motivation and take them to higher morale. According to given case study, McDonalds is launching a new product category of dietary and healthy food products, so these people should have the skills to create a well-organized and well-disciplined procedure. It is introducing the products to become healthy, so change managers can explain the employees by stating their instances. Organizational Structure For successfully adoption of innovation and changes at this organization, it needs to modify or improve its organizational structure that will be effective for McDonalds. New organizational structure of company will help it in launching new products and services. When McDonalds will implement this new organizational structure, it will manage the environment by considering the performance levels and status. It will be reformed by looking at different issues, which are faced by this company, i.e. changes in the consumer preferences and environment. It will launch new product line of healthy foods for maintaining its performance, so that it can satisfy the needs and demands of customers (MacKinnon Fiala, 2014). Under this process, McDonalds will process a divisional structure. Under this organizational structure, one specific department will manage a specific area of business operations. The major goal of this organizational structure is to support the independence and flexibility of t he company. This structure will be divided in different levels, like; top management, functional based and performance based teams. In the first level of management, CEO will lead all the processes and activities for decision making related to new segment. CEO will give the orders to middle and lower level managers and other team members in change process. The second level of organizational structure is performance based department, under which McDonalds will utilize the performance as a basis for new divisions in its organizational structure. At performance based level, it will reflect on the development of company in current business environment (Memon, Shah Shah, 2017). Under functional based groups, the organization will create the teams as per their tasks and responsibilities, like; operations, supply chain, marketing, human resources etc. The company will consider some specific factors in the process of reforming its organizational structure. Some of these factors are given below; Cultural Factors At McDonalds, its culture improves learning for determining the effectiveness of business operations. Cultural factors of a company include values and traditions that may impact employee behavior. The consistent improvement of cultural factors enhances efficiency of company in executing its culture for achieving the abilities of human resources. These factors will have a vital role for this organization and implementation of change process (Mills, Dye Mills, 2008). Structural Factors In change implementation process, it is very important to emphasize on the process structure and process flow. Under this organizational structure, the commands and orders are running in a hierarchy. Senior management of the organization will give the orders for lower level managers. All the human resources in the company will comply with all the regulations and policies, ordered by senior managers at McDonalds. If it will develop the structural factors effectively, then the organizational process will work in an effective manner. It will reduce the situation of conflicts in the workplace (New, 2015). Technological Factors The development and success of this organization relies on innovative techniques and other innovative applications. Under this process, McDonalds will conduct a research and development process, which will assist it in understanding the trends and demands of customers. When the company will launch its healthy food segment, then it will execute a communication plan for promotion and advertising of products. This marketing communication plan will assist the organization in promoting the healthy food to health concerned population. It can advertise its healthy products, including healthy breakfast, shakes, drinks to target audience. By emphasizing on advertising efforts, it will increase its sales and revenues via mobile devices and online media. Technology factors play an important role for approaching a large segment of people (Shen Xiao, 2014). Human Resources Human resources play a significant role in the case of restaurant chain, so it is important to manage the human resources effectively. In the implementation of innovative practices and changes at McDonalds, it will conduct a training program for the staff, which will help them in understanding development of new products and product segment. The people at organization can be managed by holding meetings and they will feel motivated and engaged. It will make them understand the reasons and needs for implementing the change. By this, the employees will be able to know why their firm is planning to introduce the healthy food segment (Sharif, Scandura, 2014). Thus, it can be stated that the above-mentioned factors can assist McDonalds in operating its business operations by reforming its organizational structure. These factors will help the organization in stay innovative and competitive in the business environment. Divisional structure will enable the McDonalds in implementing innovation and changes in the systems. Principles of Project Management For implementing the changes and innovation successfully, McDonalds requires considering different principles of project management. Employing these principles of project management will assist in balancing the conflicts of improving innovations but evaluating and controlling the risks and costs that production and manufacturing process for new and innovative practices involved in cannot be real in context of marketability and commercially as well. There are different principles of project management, which McDonalds can use for initiating and implementing the innovation in its business operations. To apply change and innovation, McDonalds may pursue the below-mentioned principles of project management. It will assist the organization in completing the process by managing the risks and associated costs (Shirey, 2013). Setting vision and mission statement For implementing changes and innovations at McDonalds, the organization will begin this process by setting the vision in their mind. At McDonalds, management team will create mission and vision for launching its new food segment for the people, who are very concerned about their health. The objective behind this project will be clear and obvious to all the people of organization. This principle of project management will help the company and its team to attain forecasted outcomes through these innovative practices. Assigning Roles and Responsibilities As McDonalds is introducing a new initiative to deal with the issues, so there will be requirement that all the employees understand their role in the change process. This is an important principle of project management that defines that every employee should know about for each person is accountable. It will assist the company in engaging the staff in the process of change and it will have the ability to avoid the change resistance situation (Thornton, et al, 2013). At the organization, all the departments should have clear understanding about their roles and responsibilities under the process of innovation. By this, the company will be able to handle the situations of risks and challenges. It will decrease the situation of conflicts among organizational people, which are related to their jobs and roles in innovation and change project. Strategy Implementation Following this principle is very essential in any project of organization. This project management principle consists of creating an appropriate strategy to handle the issues that are faced by McDonalds and for which it is trying to resolve. This business corporation is confronting the issues associated with the changes in customer preferences and environment. In addition, there is a competitive pressure also because its competitors are offering the products according to needs and expectations of customers, i.e. healthy foods. During this implementation process, the company can adopt some aspects of quality management to manage the given issues. By doing this, it will be able to control and manage the associated costs (Writer, 2015). This major principle of project management will recognize all the related aspects of innovation project, for example; who will execute different activities and processes, why, when and how. Emphasis on Principal products For a company, it is significant that it thinks about its primary products that they are planning to provide to its target audiences. Under this process, it is very important to look at the current market trends and changes in customers tastes. Before initiating the project, McDonalds needs to emphasize on the needs for introducing this new food segment with healthy and quality food products. Determining the needs and trends will help the company in knowing about the requirements of changes in its current systems (McDonalds, 2012). This principle will make them able to create more realistic and attainable objectives. Furthermore, it will help the company in the management of innovative processes easily. In the given case, the primary emphasis of this organization is on launching a product line with healthy and dietary food products. Complying with this principle of project management will assist the firm in gaining competitive advantage over its competitors in the industry. Organization Arrangement In the project management process, organization arrangement principle plays an important role. For determining the success and growth of change implementation, everything, which will impact should be taken into consideration. To achieve this, there will be a need of continuous and effective communication by conducting group meetings, via sending e-mails and messages and training program. At McDonalds, thistrainingplan willconsist ofa message foreverylevelofmanagement. Thisshouldbeapplied throughMcDonaldsin any other caseit couldconfrontthe problemassociated withthe situation of conflicts (Writer, 2015).Maximumof the stakeholders will notbe involved andinquisitive about both change and innovation implementation as well. In this situation, it will be better for this entity to pursue this principle of project management for handling the advertising and marketability of the given firm. Measurement and Evaluation Once the company will implement all the activities of innovation project, then it will work on the development and success of its products and services. Under the process of measurement and evaluation, McDonalds will develop some cards that will include some scores (Xu, 2014). This principle is a good way to motivate the people and engage them. Under this process, the company should execute the performance appraisal system. After evaluating the processes, the company should reward the best employees. Using these project management principles will support the company in implementing change and innovative practices by managing the costs and different risks, which are related to the companys processes. CSR Protocols Nowadays, Corporate Social Responsibility is a significant and well-known phenomenon that can be pursued by any organization to entice the people. So, the organizations are actively engaged in utilizing CSR practices to attract the people towards organizational products. By considering its issues of changes in customer demands and environmental changes, McDonalds should go through some CSR protocols to improve its existing systems. In its CSR protocols, the primary emphasis of this organization will be on the management of human resources and internal and external stakeholders. McDonalds will treat their customers as the reason behind their existence and provide them better quality services and products (McDonalds, 2012). By looking at the changing preferences and demands of people, it will prepare the food by including dietary and healthy ingredients. Moreover, it will make investment in the eco-friendly initiatives and campaigns. With this, it will invest money for the development of society, community and environment. It is planning to work with supplier, who are offering safe and ethically managed products worldwide. When McDonalds will introduce this new segment, it will be known as responsible company and offer them responsible food products. Employing these CSR protocols will help in setting better image in the eyes of population in the country. It will enhance its customer base and then sales of organiz ation (Xu, 2014). Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that McDonalds is facing the problems, which are linked with the changes in external environment and customer preferences. The above given report includes different concepts of management for McDonalds, so that it can handle the above given issues. To manage these issues, McDonalds is adopting some changes in processes and innovation to overcome the barriers. In this process, company is having some opportunities and challenges that are related to the implementation of change and innovative processes. Furthermore, the company is developing an expert team of change managers, who will employ some specific abilities and skills. These people will help the corporation in change implementation effectively and successfully. Moreover, the company will modify its organization structure in this change process. 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